Reminiscences of SFN 2013

In the past two weeks since I have returned from San Diego, I still find myself struck with lucid recollections during my hypopompic states, the memories of my travels twinned with hallucinations no less beautiful and no less real, were I to try distinguish the two.

When I close my eyes I can still feel the pitch-perfect weather against my skin; I can hear the purl of fountainwater underneath the lush gardens and exquisite statuary of Balboa Park; I can see those silvery, sunwarmed beaches, speckled with families and surfers and oceangoers of all stripes and ages, the terns overhead lazily riding the wind thermals and the surf below gently lapping at the shores. The man is not to be envied who does not find his spirit refreshed and invigorated by the scintillating waves of the ocean, his eros not aroused by the sight of brown-skinned beauties emerging from the sea with beads of saltwater clinging to their skin and their delicate pink toes sinking into the argentate sand; no, he is not to be envied who does not find some spark of religious awe kindled by the sight of the sun bleeding slowly into the horizon and replaced by the pale disc of the moon, pasted in that inky firmament like some ghostly wafer, overlooking the dark abyss of water out there past men's knowing, where stars are drowning and whales ferry their vast souls through the black and seamless sea.

It is well to be surrounded by such sights and sounds, as, set against the backdrop of a conference devoted to science, the conscious mind is all the more appreciative of the particulars and the practicalities of what he believes, secretly or openly, to be the healthiest, the most rigorous, the most downright of human endeavors - that of scientific inquiry. Aristotle once claimed that the twin peaks of human pleasure consist of one, sexual intercourse, and two, thinking; and once one has felt the slow-burning satisfaction of scientific experimentation, of hypotheses proposed and tested, of results surprising one in the most unexpected of ways, what right man would believe otherwise? And after a day of lively discussion and heated debate, after filling one's cup with as many poster sessions and workshops and talks as one can handle and drinking it to the lees, then one encounters the night; and, the mind still reeling from the heady fumes of science, the senses attuned to all the nuances that weren't there before, walking past the garish lighting of the restaurants and pubs of the Gaslamp district, brazen hussies with their sultry strolls and minimalist vesture calling out to each other in the darkness, steroid-inflated bouncers guarding the doors of nightclubs exuding faint rumbles of bass punctuated by shrieks and laughter - and it is here that one becomes aware of certain beauties and lusts and terrors and menace that until now were only thinly hidden. The juxtaposition of such different modes of experience makes each of them in turn that much more powerful, more savory, more piquant.

During my days at the conference inside the convention center, therefore, I expected all of the hobgoblins and ecstasies of the nights before to melt away like snow in sunshine; but even here there is an element of the surreal. Within the bowels of the convention center, several football fields long, were rows upon rows of posters, almost beyond reckoning; here is one person surrounded by intrigued colleagues, gesturing expressively with his hands, his face beaming; there is another over there who could not be more different, all alone, head down and sullenly gazing at the floor, one hand holding the opposite forearm, a perfect picture of dejection. Wind your way through the exhibition section where companies are hawking their wares, photos showing how results look before and after the application of their device, mechanical contraptions demonstrating how the latest stereotaxic equipment drills into any location without any error, no fuss, no muss. You would expect the vendors to be much more animated, to act like some sort of scientific carnival barker; but unfortunately, they sit around, this one checking her phone, that one with a saturnine expression pasted on his face and a toothpick affixed to the side of his mouth.

Upstairs through the pavilio, and enter the ballroom, where chairs are stacked in rows as neatly and ceremoniously as gravestones in a cemetery. Far away at the front of the ballroom a speaker is at the podium, a miniscule dot at this distance, but whose person is projected on several large screens hanging from the ceiling, the amount of exposure beyond the most egomaniacal totalitarian's wet dream. After a couple of hours of talks and results and diagrams of models, out the door again into the hallway, past several smaller conference rooms packed with listeners. Along my way I reach down to pick up a discarded pamphlet off the floor from the American Association for the Advancement of Science; inside, it laments that more than half of the United States population still believes in psychic phenomena such as ESP and seances. "Fifty-seven percent of American adults believe in phenomena unsupported by any evidence whatsoever," it says. "It would be better to get that number closer to zero." It then lists several resources and initiatives to educate the population to think scientifically. The younger the age at which they can stage an intervention, it seems, the better.

While I can appreciate the sentiment, part of me thinks that this feeling is misguided. I have several close colleagues who would be horrified to wake up to a world denuded of superstitions and myths; so satisfying is the sense of superiority they feel in mocking those who still hold groundless beliefs, and the repercussions so minimal, that to take that away from them would be to take away their chief joy. Conversations would dry up, bereft of the usual potent feelings of solidarity and indignation, and the only ties that used to bind them to other like-minded individuals would dissolve. No, clearly a world free of people believing crazy shit would be a catastrophe. I think that a more reasonable goal would be to get the number of persons down to about five or ten percent; that way, the Association can still claim no small measure of success in their crusade, and there will still be plenty of eccentrics left over to insult, belittle, and marginalize.

After making the rounds at all of the talks, I go back to the poster session, where new posters have been pinned up on the boards, some of them still reeking the stench of hot ink fresh off the printer. Wander around, and you begin to notice how some individuals tend to dominate the conversation surrounding a poster and poins out all the experimental flaws with a minimum of decency. To counteract this, I usually leave in one or two glaringly obvious errors in any poster I present or any paper I submit; that way, one can more easily comment on it and feel as though they have done something useful, usually leaving all of the other material alone.

That being said, however, still be aware that there is much research out there which is smoke and mirrors; having been in the game for quite some time, I can provide a short list of words and phrases that should immediately set off alarm bells in your head: neuroscience; significant; brain; rat; human; monkey; hypothesis; anterior cingulate; activation; voxels; cake; "game-changer"; default poop network. Beware the siren song of these words that charm the ear and bewitch the mind; they are beautiful but treacherous ondines who, given the chance, will wrap their briny arms around you, dragging you down to your death in the bottomless sea.

Comprehensive Computational Model of ACC: Expected Value of Control

Figure 1: Example of cognitive control failure

A new comprehensive computational model of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex function (dACC) was published in last week's issue of Neuron, sending shockwaves throughout the computational modeling community and sending computational modelers running to neuroscience magazinestands in droves. (That's right, I used the word droves - and you know I reserve that word only for special cases.)

The new model, published by Shenhav, Botvinick, and Cohen, attempts to unify existing models and empirical data of dACC function by modifying the traditional monitoring role usually ascribed to the dACC. In previous models of dACC function, such as error detection and conflict monitoring, the primary role of the dACC was that of a monitor involved in detecting errors, or monitoring for mutually exclusive responses and signaling the need to override prepotent but potentially wrong responses. The current model, on the other hand, suggests that the dACC monitors the expected value associated with certain responses, and weighs the potential cost of recruiting more cognitive control against the potential value (e.g., reward or other positive outcome) for implementing cognitive control.

This kind of tradeoff is best illustrated with a basic task like the Stroop task, where a color word - such as "green" - is presented in an incongruent ink, such as red. The instructions in this task are to respond to the color, and not the word; however, this is difficult since reading a word is an automatic process. Overriding this automatic tendency to respond to the word itself requires cognitive control, or strengthening task-relevant associations - in this case, focusing more on the color and not the word itself.

However, there is a drawback: using cognitive control requires effort, and effort isn't always pleasant. Therefore, it stands to reason that the positives for expending this mental effort should outweigh the negatives of using cognitive control. The following figure shows this as a series of meters with greater cognitive control going from left to right:

Figure 1B from Shenhav et al, 2013
As the meters for control signal intensity increase, so does the probability of choosing the correct option that will lead to positive feedback, as shown by the increasing thickness of the arrows from left to right. The role of the dACC, according to the model, is to make sure that the amount of cognitive control implemented is optimal: if someone always goes balls-to-the-wall with the amount of cognitive control they bring to the table, they will probably expend far more energy then would be necessary, even though they would have a much higher probability of being correct every time. (Study question: Do you know anybody like this?) Thus, the dACC attempts to reach a balance between the cognitive control needed and the value of the outcome, as shown in the middle column of the above figure.

This balance is referred to as the expected value of control (EVC): the difference between control costs and outcome values you can expect for a range of control signal intensities. The expected value can be plotted as a curve integrating both the costs and benefits of increased control, with a clear peak at the level of intensity that maximizes the difference between the expected payoff and control cost (Figure 2):

EVC curves (in blue) integrating costs and payoffs for control intensity. (Reproduced from Figure 4 from Shenhav et al, 2013)

That, in very broad strokes, is the essence of the EVC model. There are, of course, other aspects to it, including a role for the dACC in choosing the control identity which orients toward the appropriate behavior and response-outcome associations (for example, actually paying attention to the color of the stroop stimulus in the first place), which can be read about in further detail in the paper. Overall, the model seems to strike a good balance between complexity and conciseness, and the equations are relatively straightforward and should be easy to implement for anyone looking to run their own simulations.

So, the next time you see a supermodel in a bathtub full of Nutella inviting you to join her, be aware that there are several different, conflicting impulses being processed in your dorsal anterior cingulate. To wit, 1) How did this chick get in my bathtub? 2) How did she fill it up with Nutella? Do they sell that stuff wholesale at CostCo or something? and 3) What is the tradeoff between exerting enough control to just say no, given that eating that much chocolate hazelnut spread will cause me to be unable to move for the next three days, and giving in to temptation? It is a question that speaks directly to the human condition; between abjuring gluttony and the million ailments that follow on vice, and simply giving in, dragging that broad out of your bathtub and toweling the chocolate off her so you don't waste any of it, showing her the door, and then returning to the tub and plunging your insatiable maw into that chocolatey reservoir of bliss, that muddy fountain of pleasure, and inhaling pure ecstasy.

CNS 2013: San Francisco



Readers and fellow brain bloggers,

I will be presenting a poster at CNS this Monday from 8:00am-11:00am, session D, poster 57. Featuring electrical shocks, a spatial Stroop task, passion, love, and good and evil, these FMRI results are so hot they would defy the pen of a Sappho to eroticize them. Feel free to stop by and say hi!


As a teaser/foreplay, here is a picture of one of my results: